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Clock source can be external like crystal oscillator or internal like RC oscillator. ClockĪ microcontroller requires clock as it executes and driven by sequential logic as explained above. This pins can read or write HIGH or LOW state from/to it’s pins, making it possible to interface with external world. Microcontrollers provide multiple general purpose input output (GPIO) pins which can be configured as an input or output pin by writing to particular configuration registers. ROM is used to store the program or instructions which needs to be executed. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory). But in latest microcontrollers it is re-programmable, ie.
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In old microcontrollers flash memory was one time programmable that is why it is called ROM. It is a volatile memory, means when the power goes off all data is gone. Similar to a computer, RAM is used to store data dynamically while the microcontroller is executing instructions. As the name indicates, control unit controls the flow of instructions and data throughout the system. which acts as temporary fast access memory locations for processing data. Register array consists of a series of registers like accumulator (A), B, C, D etc. As the name indicates ALU performs all arithmetic and logical operations on the data received from input devices or memory. CPUĬPU is analogous to processor in a computer, which basically consists of Arithmetical and Logical Unit (ALU), Control Unit and Register Array. While a microcontroller is intended to do some specific tasks like controlling a washing machine, controlling an air conditioning etc.Īs we explained above, a microcontroller is embedded with different elements like CPU, RAM, ROM etc. We can also explain it as programmable silicon chip which is clock driven, register based, accepts input and provides output after processing it as per the instructions stored in the memory.Ī computer is a general purpose device which we can use for word processing, watching movies, editing videos, web browsing, developing softwares etc. In simple words, a microcontroller (MCU or Microcontroller Unit) is a small computer integrated in to a single chip. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform.A microcontroller is an integrated circuit (IC) which is small, low cost and self contained computer designed to handle a specific task in embedded systems. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes. In future, shields will be compatible with both the board that uses the AVR, which operates with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operates with 3.3V. 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board.Revision 3 of the board has the following new features: Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328.